Climate-induced migration: A case study of farmer migrating abroad as an alternative strategy to improve their livelihood in Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal

Abstract

This study investigated whether farmer migration overseas could be used as a substitute livelihood strategy in response to climate-induced migration in Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal. Using qualitative methodology and a case study approach, it was possible to achieve this goal. The case study focused on a specific group of people in Bharatpur, which enabled a deeper understanding of the experiences, patterns, and effects of migration on livelihoods because the study focused on a specific group in Bharatpur. The purpose of this study was to use a deliberate sampling technique to select three immigrant families, as well as individuals within those families, to participate in the study. The data collection process consisted of in-depth interviews conducted online as part of the data gathering process, which enabled us to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the social, individual, and economic dimensions of migration caused by climate change. To analyze the data, the data was analyzed using a thematic approach. During the study, all participants gave their informed consent, their identity remained private, and cultural sensitivities were considered as well. It must be noted that this study had several limitations, one of which was the regional distinctiveness of the sample, which may have limited the applicability of the results outside of Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal. The study also identified the possibility of self-reporting bias and external factors that could affect the timeliness of the data collection. Environmental and socioeconomic pressures resulting from climate change present a complex and multifaceted picture of the challenges and opportunities associated with migration. As agricultural productivity declines, income declines, and the environment deteriorates in agrarian communities such as Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal, migration emerges as a coping mechanism and an alternative strategy. Several factors influence how families perceive and experience climate-induced migration, including income, job security, and community support. Families that earn more money and have more secure employment overseas typically have happier lives with reduced financial stress and improved mental health. Strong community support also helps families overcome the difficulties associated with migrating and increases their resilience. On the other hand, families who are struggling financially, have unstable employment, and have little support from the community are more likely to feel alone, stressed, and anxious. Therefore, supporting the well-being and resilience of families affected by climate-induced migration requires addressing these factors. Migration become a strategic means of economic survival as rural communities face increasing challenges. There are, however, significant challenges associated with it, including adaptation to new environments, job opportunities, and loss of traditional customs. Because farmers have low levels of education, they often look to go abroad as their only income-generating option. It is a temporary measure to gain experience, upgrade skills, or acquire new ones that will improve their job prospects when they return to Nepal. There are, however, several challenges and uncertainties associated with this strategy. There is often a sense of isolation among farmers in abroad due to cultural and language differences. Being away from their loved ones and adjusting to the unfamiliar environment can be challenging for them. Family members left behind in Nepal struggle to keep up with the upkeep of their properties in the interim. While some could try to make ends meet by investing in new ventures like opening a grocery shop, others might try to make extra money by renting out the farms. Although the family's financial circumstances may improve with migration, there is frequently a significant psychological and emotional cost.